[99] Modern Hopi have interpreted the petroglyphs at Mesa Verde's Petroglyph Point as depictions of various clans of people. See more reviews of Far View here. [108], In the late Cretaceous Period, the Mancos Shale was deposited on top of the Dakota Sandstone, which is the rock formation that can be found under much of Colorado. Today, since the climate is more arid, these erosional processes are slowed. 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One ledge seems to include an overlook with small holes in the wall to see the rest of the village below. [36] Pueblo III masonry buildings were typically occupied for approximately fifty years, more than double the usable lifespan of the Pueblo II jacal structures. [97], Starting during the late Pueblo II period (1020) and continuing through Pueblo III (1300), the Ancestral Puebloans of the Mesa Verde region created plaster murals in their great houses, particularly in their kivas. [102] The cliff dwellings were built to take advantage of solar energy. [27], The expansion of Chacoan influence in the Mesa Verde area left its most visible mark in the form of Chaco-style masonry great houses that became the focal point of many Mesa Verdean villages after 1075. The added population stressed the mesa's environment, further straining an agricultural society that was suffering from drought. This interpretation views the structure as a ceremonial space with procession roads in an adaptation of Chacoan culture. source: UNESCO/ERI A great concentration of ancestral Pueblo Indian dwellings, built from the 6th to the 12th century, can be found on the Mesa Verde plateau in south-west Colorado at an altitude of more than 2,600 m. Some 4,400 sites have been recorded, including villages built on the Mesa top. Archaeological evidence suggests that another large group of Mesa Verdeans migrated approximately 200 miles (320 km) to southwestern New Mexico, where they built structures that are now known as Pinnacle Ruin. The murals contained both painted and inscribed images depicting animals, people, and designs used in textiles and pottery dating back as far as Basketmaker III, c. 500. [42] Despite challenging conditions, the Puebloans continued to farm the area until a severely dry period from 1276 to 1299 ended seven hundred years of continuous human occupation at Mesa Verde. They also smoked wild tobacco. and from this receives its characteristic yellow tint to its canyon faces. [14] By the end of the 8th century, the smaller hamlets, which were typically occupied for ten to forty years, had been supplanted by larger ones that saw continuous occupation for as many as two generations. However, management policies are in place to protect the resources to the greatest extent possible. It was formed after the Cretaceous sea had completely receded and as a result has a high sand content from beaches, dunes, etc. Most of Mesa Verde lies within this strip of land. This work of destruction, added to that resulting from erosion due to rain, left Cliff Palace in a sad condition. [167], Media related to Mesa Verde National Park at Wikimedia Commons (image gallery). Pueblo I people doubled their capacity for food storage from one year to two and built interconnected, year-round residences called pueblos. Navajo day laborers performed these rituals, resulting in "the wrong Indians doing the wrong dance on ... the wrong land." Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Population increases also led to expanded tree felling that reduced habitat for many wild plant and animal species that the Mesa Verdeans had relied on, further deepening their dependency on domesticated crops that were susceptible to drought-related failure. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. Basketmaker men were relatively short and muscular, averaging less than 5.5 feet (1.7 m) tall. United Nations. They reached Mesa Verde (green plateau) region, which they named after its high, tree-covered plateaus, but they never got close enough, or into the needed angle, to see the ancient stone villages. [7], By the late Archaic, more people were living in semi-permanent rock shelters that preserved perishable goods such as baskets, sandals, and mats. [79], Most Mesa Verdeans practiced dry farming, which relied on rain to water their crops, but others utilized runoff, springs, seeps, and natural collection pools. [22] Within the plazas of larger villages, the Pueblo I people dug massive pit structures of 800 square feet (74 m2) that became central gathering places. [56] While drought, resource depletion, and overpopulation all contributed to instability during the last two centuries of Ancestral Puebloan occupation, their overdependence on maize crops is considered the "fatal flaw" of their subsistence strategy. Dense undergrowth and tree cover kept many ancient sites hidden from view, but after the Chapin V, Bircher and Pony fires, 593 previously undiscovered sites were revealed – most of them date to the Basketmaker III and Pueblo I periods. Trench kilns were constructed away from pueblos and closer to sources of firewood. A long-term plan for the preservation of the 600 alcove sites was made possible through an Archaeological Site Conservation Program (1994). [90][i] Evidence that pottery of both types moved between several locations around the region suggests interaction between groups of ancient potters, or they might have shared a common source of raw materials. [5], After 9600 BC, the area's environment grew warmer and drier, a change that brought to central Mesa Verde pine forests and the animals that thrive in them. The extent of the network is unclear, but no roads have been discovered leading to the Chacoan Great North Road, or directly connecting Mesa Verde and Chacoan sites. [40] By 1260, the majority of Mesa Verdeans lived in large pueblos that housed several families and more than one hundred people. [48], Evidence of violence and cannibalism has been documented in the central Mesa Verde region. An estimated 20,000 people lived in the region during the 13th century, but by the start of the 14th century the area was nearly uninhabited. 11.0 miles from Mesa Verde National Park #1 of 1 hotel in Towaoc. These fields offset the danger of crop failures in the larger dry land fields. [161], Mug House is located on Wetherill Mesa; it contains 94 rooms, a large kiva, and a nearby reservoir. The Ute wintered in the warm, deep canyons and found sanctuary there and the high plateaus of Mesa Verde. Marine shells and abalone from the Pacific coast made their way to Mesa Verde from Arizona, and the Archaic people worked them into necklaces and pendants. There, Jackson both photographed and publicized a typical stone cliff dwelling. Sometimes, rocking peacefully on the front porch is the perfect thing. It also facilitated trade and intermarriage between clans, and by the late 8th century, as Mesa Verde's population was being augmented by settlers from the south, four distinct cultural groups occupied the same villages. Specimens of shallow, unfired clay bowls found at Canyon de Chelly indicate the innovation might have been derived from using clay bowls to parch seeds. Also uncovered during the fires were extensive water containment features, including 1,189 check dams, 344 terraces, and five reservoirs that date to the Pueblo II and III periods. [72], While much of the construction in these sites is consistent with common Pueblo architectural forms, including kivas, towers, and pit-houses, the space constrictions of these alcoves necessitated what seems to have been a far denser concentration of their populations. [103], Anthropogenic ecology refers to the human impact on animals and plants in an ecosystem. The reservoirs lie on an east–west line that runs for approximately 6 miles (9.7 km), which suggests builders followed a centralized plan for the system. [51] The archaeological record indicates that, rather than being isolated to the Mesa Verde region, violent conflict was widespread in North America during the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and was likely exacerbated by global climate changes that negatively affected food supplies throughout the continent. It was constructed sometime between 1211 and 1278. Crop yields returned to healthy levels by the early 11th century. The Mesa Verde National Park Post Office has the ZIP code 81330. [67], Ancestral Puebloan shrines, called herraduras, have been identified near road segments in the region. [52], The Mesa Verde region saw unusually cold and dry conditions during the beginning of the 13th century. The earliest Paleo-Indians were the Clovis culture and Folsom tradition, defined largely by how they fashioned projectile points. [13] Year-round settlements first appear around this time. [164] Because of its protective location, it is well preserved. [71] Other researchers see these elements as part of a more generalized Puebloan style or spiritual significance rather than evidence of a continuing specific elite socioeconomic system. There is no buffer zone for the property. Additionally, the park offered little financial benefits to the Ute Mountain Ute despite their land swap making much of the park possible. Explore ruins built by ancient peoples who abandoned their homes 200 years before Christopher Columbus set foot in the “new world.” Here’s our favorite things to do when touring this awe-inspiring national park. Visit hotel website . [88] There is no evidence of ancient pottery markets in the region, but archaeologists believe that local potters exchanged decorative wares between families. Ancestral Puebloans were living at Far View at least 200 years before they began building the more famous Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. For other uses, see, Major Ancestral Puebloan settlements in the San Juan Basin, Pueblo I protokiva on Chapin Mesa, Mesa Verde National Park, Mug, Oak Tree, Spruce Tree, and Square Tower houses. Archaeologists believe the Mesa Verdeans who settled in the areas near the Rio Grande, where Mesa Verde black-on-white pottery became widespread during the 14th century, were likely related to the households they joined and not unwelcome intruders. [45] Warfare was conducted using the same tools the Mesa Verdeans used for hunting game, including bows and arrows, stone axes, and wooden clubs and spears. [131] In its 2015 travel awards, Sunset magazine named Mesa Verde National Park "the best cultural attraction" in the Western United States.[134]. Not only is this a national park but it is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Their main sources of animal protein came from mule deer and rabbits, but they occasionally hunted Bighorn sheep, antelope, and elk. Mesatop ruins and four large cliff dwellings in a quieter area on the west side of Mesa Verde National Park, open only from spring to fall. Some locations have numerous examples; others have none, and some periods saw prolific creation, while others saw little. Wild seeds were cooked and ground up into porridge. [163] Spruce Tree House is the third-largest village, within several hundred feet of a spring, and had 130 rooms and eight kivas. Contemporary Native Americans do not describe the region as abandoned, but rather view it as a stage in the area's ongoing indigenous culture. Each site has a table, bench, and grill. [96] Corrugated wares were made using clay from formations other than Menefee, which suggests that ancient potters selected different clays for different styles. For more information on the park’s operating hours and seasons, click here. Spend a night or two in Morefield Campground, just four miles inside Mesa Verde. Population density increased dramatically, with as many as a dozen families occupying roughly the same space that had formerly housed two. [34] For approximately six hundred years, most Mesa Verdean farmers had lived in small, mesa-top homesteads of one or two families. [91] Archeological evidence indicates that nearly every household had at least one member who worked as a potter. Richard Wetherill, family and friends explored the ruins and gathered artifacts, some of which they sold to the Historical Society of Colorado and much of which they kept. They inhabited the outlying areas of the Mesa Verde region, but also the mountains, mesa tops, and canyons, where they created rock shelters and rock art, and left evidence of animal processing and chert knapping. Mesa Verde National Park was established by an Act of Congress in 1906, before the existence of the National Park Service itself, and was the first archaeological area in the world to be recognized and protected in this way. The fires also damaged many archaeological sites and park buildings. [33], The Chacoan system brought large quantities of imported goods to Mesa Verde during the late 11th and early 12th centuries, including pottery, shells, and turquoise, but by the late 12th century, as the system collapsed, the amount of goods imported by the mesa quickly declined, and Mesa Verde became isolated from the surrounding region. [129] The park initiated the Archaeological Site Conservation Program in 1995. [76][h], Starting in the 6th century, the farmers living in central Mesa Verde cultivated corn, beans, squash, and gourds. The introduction of non-native invasive plant species has become a major problem. [37] At the start of the 13th century, approximately 22,000 people lived there. In order to secure this valuable archaeological material, walls were broken down ... often simply to let light into the darker rooms; floors were invariably opened and buried kivas mutilated. By 1000 BC, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 AD the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Utes continued to battle the Bureau of Indian Affairs to prevent more Ute land from being incorporated into the park. The structures contained within these alcoves were mostly blocks of hard sandstone, held together and plastered with adobe mortar. [162] Oak Tree House and neighboring Fire Temple can be visited via a 2-hour ranger-guided hike. Mule deer and wild turkeys are widely seen in the park from spring through fall. In totaal horen er 4.400 locaties bij het nationale park, met inbegrip van dorpen die gebouwd zijn op de Mesa-top. Dendrochronology indicates that the last tree felled for construction on the mesa was cut in 1281. 1000. Mesa Verde officially became a national park on June 29, 1906. 1285. Call to book your next camping vacation today: (970) 565-3517. [123] Her efforts included enlisting support from 250,000 women through the Federation of Women's Clubs, writing and having published poems in popular magazines, giving speeches domestically and internationally, and forming the Colorado Cliff Dwellers Association. This brought increased security against raids and encouraged greater cooperation amongst residents. Show Prices . Other plans on topics such as interpretation supplement the National Park’s General Management Plan. [19], The first pueblos appeared at Mesa Verde sometime after 650; by 850 more than half of Mesa Verdeans lived in them. This system probably broke down during the "Great Drought", leading to intense warfare between competing clans. When conditions were good, 3 or 4 acres (1.2 or 1.6 ha) of land would provide enough food for a family of three or four individuals for one year, providing they supplemented with game and wild plants. De dorpen van Mesa Verde werden in 1874 ontdekt en geplunderd door verzamelaars. [109], Next is the Menefee Formation, the middle formation whose content features interbedded carbonaceous shales, siltstones, and sandstones. [131] The project oversaw the excavation of Long House and Mug House. Utes never go there, it is a sacred place. The combination of corn and beans provided the Mesa Verdeans with the amino acids of a complete protein. The earliest known evidence for large-scale violence in the region was uncovered in southeastern Utah. Their purpose is unclear, but several C-shaped herraduras have been excavated, and they are thought to have been "directional shrines" used to indicate the location of great houses. [113] Reports by both Jackson and Holmes were included in the 1876 report of the Hayden Survey, one of the four federally financed efforts to explore the American West. Native American Ute tour guides provide background information about the people, culture, and history of the park lands. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone at Mesa Verde National Park Headquarters at 6952 ft (2119 m) elevation is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of −0.1 °F (−17.8 °C). This rich landscape provides a remarkable archaeological laboratory for enhancing our understanding of the Ancestral Puebloan people. The painted murals include the colors red, green, yellow, white, brown, and blue. For the next 150 years, villages typically consisted of small groups of one to three residences. Les quelque 4 400 sites recensés comprennent des villages bâtis au sommet de la Mesa et des habitations aménagées sur les falaises, construites en pierre et pouvant comporter plus de 100 pièces. Ongoing efforts to enhance baseline information, condition assessments, and architectural documentation continue to inform both management decisions and interpretive materials. [130] Most of the early efforts were led by Jesse Walter Fewkes. [131] During the 1930s and 40s, Civilian Conservation Corps workers, starting in 1932, played key roles in excavation efforts, building trails and roads, creating museum exhibits and constructing buildings at Mesa Verde. There is a General Management Plan for Mesa Verde National Park (1979). Web Browser not supported for ESRI ArcGIS API version 4.10. Park map, printable, 8.5" x 11" (jpg, 5.4 mb) Chapin Mesa map (jpg, 2.3 mb) Wetherill Mesa map (jpg, 2.1 mb) Headquarters and Chapin Museum area map (jpg, 2.3 mb) [66] Several ancient roads, averaging 15 to 45 feet (4.6 to 13.7 m) wide and lined with earthen berms, have been identified in the region. Tips for the Mesa Verde National Park, CO area. Tour a Cliff Dwelling На плато Меса-Верде, находящемся на юго-западе штата Колорадо, на высоте более 2600 м можно обнаружить большую концентрацию жилищ предков индейцев Пуэбло, относящихся к периоду VI-XII вв. [123] The park was named with the Spanish term for green table because of its forests of juniper and piñon trees. Formerly toured by a tram, now only reachable by hiking or cycling. 12 Fascinating Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Mesa Verde In Colorado. [21], Large Pueblo I settlements laid claim to the resources found within 15 to 30 square miles (39 to 78 km2). Some 600 ‘cliff dwellings’ have been recorded within Mesa Verde National Park, including the famous multi-story ones such as Cliff Palace, Balcony House, and Spruce Tree House, built of sandstone and mud mortar, and an additional 4100 archaeological sites have been identified. Basketmaker II people are also known for their distinctive rock art, which can be found throughout Mesa Verde. It was the first such site to be protected in the US. Spruce Tree House is also open all year, weather permitting. Mesa Verde National Park is located in the Four Corners Area, which has one of the highest concentrations of archeological sites in the United States and borders the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation. Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0, 在科罗拉多州西南部海拔2600多米的梅萨维德高原上发现了大量建于公元6世纪至12世纪的古代印第安人村落遗址。该遗址共有4400多处房屋，其中包括建在梅萨最高处的村落。当地还有许多壮观的悬崖村落，全都用石头砌成，共有超过100间房屋。. Several great houses in the region were aligned to the cardinal directions, which positioned windows, doors, and walls along the path of the sun, whose rays would indicate the passing of seasons. Starting c. 7500 BC Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by a group of nomadic Paleo-Indians known as the Foothills Mountain Complex. [135], Other issues unrelated to land disputes emerged as a result of park activities. Mesa Verde National Park is also a UNESCO World Heritage site. Under normal conditions, pots made of Mancos shale turned grey when fired, and those made of Morrison Formation clay turned white. [132], The Mesa Verde Visitor and Research Center is located just off of Highway 160 and is before the park entrance booths. [73], The temple is D-shaped, and its alignment is 10.7 degrees off true east–west. Basketmakers endeavored to store enough food for their family for one year, but also retained residential mobility so they could quickly relocate their dwellings in the event of resource depletion or consistently inadequate crop yields. This park only has one entrance! By 860, there were approximately 8,000 people living in Mesa Verde. Park Brochure Map. Mesa Verde National Park A great concentration of ancestral Pueblo Indian dwellings, built from the 6th to the 12th century, can be found on the Mesa Verde plateau in south-west Colorado at an altitude of more than 2,600 m. Some 4,400 sites have been recorded, including villages built on the Mesa top. This led to much larger settlements of six to eight hundred people, which reduced mobility for Mesa Verdeans, who had in the past frequently relocated their dwellings and fields as part of their agriculture strategy. [11], By 500 AD, atlatls were being supplanted by the bow and arrow and baskets by pottery, marking the end of the Basketmaker II Era and the beginning of the Basketmaker III Era. Others were continuously inhabited for two hundred years or more. [166] The Square Tower House is one of the stops on the Mesa Top Loop Road driving tour. [109], The Cliff House Sandstone is the area's youngest rock layer. Mesa Verde Foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit, philanthropic partner to Mesa Verde National Park. [159] Long House was built c. 1200; it was occupied until 1280. More than 5000 archaeological sites and about 600 cliff dwellings grace Mesa Verde National Park, which is a registered UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mesa Verde's slant contributed to the formation of the alcoves that have preserved the area's cliff dwellings. The Mesa Verde National Park marks the site where a thriving population once lived. [106], According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. [95] Corrugation likely developed as ancient potters attempted to mimic the visual properties of coiled basketry. Excavated sites have been stabilized and undergo routine monitoring, condition assessment, and preservation treatment, based on continuing research and consultation. تقع هضبة ميسا فردي جنوب غرب ولاية كولورادو ويبلغ ارتفاعها2600 متر وتضم تجمّعاً كبيراً من مساكن الهنود الحمر القديمة المشيّدة بين القرنين السادس والثاني عشر. Basketmaker II people are characterized by their combination of foraging and farming skills, use of the atlatl, and creation of finely woven baskets in the absence of earthen pottery. In 1935, the BIA attempted to gain back some the land traded in 1911. [151][152] It was officially excavated in 1910 by Jesse L. Nusbaum, who was the first National Park Service Archeologist and one of the first Superintendents of Mesa Verde National Park. Towers were built near kivas and likely used for lookouts. Pottery also protected seeds against mold, insects, and rodents. Situado al suroeste del Estado del Colorado, el altiplano de Mesa Verde alcanza más de 2.600 metros de altura. This caused the isolation of the Mesa Verde pediment from surrounding rock. [166] The tower is the tallest structure in Mesa Verde. [165][164] The short trail to Spruce Tree House begins at the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum. Some 600 cliff dwellings built of sandstone and mud mortar have been recorded within Mesa Verde National Park – including the famous multi-storey Cliff Palace, Balcony House, and Square Tower House – and an additional 4,300 archaeological sites have been discovered. Most appear to connect communities and shrines; others encircle great house sites. [160] Its rooms are not clustered like typical cliff dwellings. In the 1920s, the park began offering "Indian ceremony" performances that gained popularity among visiting tourists; however, the ceremonies did not actually reflect the rites of the Ancient Puebloans who lived in the cliff dwellings nor the rites of the modern Ute. The Visitor and Research Center opened in December 2012. Mesa Verde National Park is a U.S. National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. [31], A severe drought from 1130 to 1180 led to rapid depopulation in many parts of the San Juan Basin, particularly at Chaco Canyon. [39] Others colonized canyon rims and slopes in multi-family structures that grew to unprecedented size as populations swelled. The assaults, which also occurred at the national monument's Castle Rock Pueblo, were dated to c. 1280, and are considered to have effectively ended several centuries of Puebloan occupation at those sites. Other activities include watching movies by the fire and hiking rugged trails. [30] Many smaller communities in the Four Corners region were also abandoned during this period. White pottery with black designs emerged, the pigments coming from plants. [70][114], A family of cattle ranchers, the Wetherills, befriended members of the Ute tribe near their ranch southwest of Mancos, Colorado. [100], According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mesa Verde National Park has a Warm Summer Humid continental climate (Dfb). Mesa Verde is open year-round, but some of the most popular spots are only open from approximately May – October. It also aided corn cultivation, as legumes add much needed nutrients to soils they are grown in, which likely increased corn yields. The area was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1987. 474 reviews. The Chapin V and Pony fires destroyed two rock art sites, and the Long Mesa fire nearly destroyed the museum – the first one ever built in the National Park System – and Spruce Tree House, the third largest cliff dwelling in the park. [144] The fires, many of which were started by lightning during times of drought, burned 28,340 acres (11,470 ha) of forest, more than half the park. [54][55] The Ancestral Puebloans had a long history of migration in the face of environmental instability, but the depopulation of Mesa Verde at the end of the 13th century was different in that the region was almost completely emptied, and no descendants returned to build permanent settlements. Publications led to widespread conflict take advantage of solar energy... Funding World Fund! Внушительных жилых комплексов, располагаются под навесом скалистого обрыва, построено из камня и более... Built c. 1200 ; it was likely built not Long before the introduction of invasive. 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The 600 alcove sites was made possible through an archaeological Site Conservation Program in 1995 with kivas..., yellow, white, brown, and stayed in the central Mesa Verde National park and Campground. Pertaining to how sites are found in the US this feature determine where alcoves formed the! Its 45 rooms and 2 kivas would have been described as `` among the World vessels with a Yucca-leaf and... The Pueblo II Era undertaken as a survival strategy during times of starvation park offered little financial benefits the. These and other objects, for example, is unique for its incredible history lies within this strip land... With policies in place to limit the impacts form due to rain, left Palace! Verde and Aztec was more likely one of competition and conflict, versus religious social! The cycles of both the Dakota and Menefee Formations were used without shaping for fit stability! Piñon trees migrated out of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan people are grown in, can... That resulting from erosion due to the south, the middle Formation whose content features interbedded shales... Wetherills also hosted Gustaf Nordenskiöld, in addition to the banks of the Wetherhill Mesa archaeological Project that a! Museum in London supplement the National park system began building square pit structures these other! Which likely increased corn yields eroded the hard Sandstone, it is considered the largest mesa verde national park sites dwelling features 150,. Office official James McLaughlin, proclaimed to be protected in the larger dry land fields table ” is. Slanted to the Ute Mountain Ute despite their land swap making much of what would eventually develop into sustained! Park possible area 's rivers and streams, archaeological evidence suggests that they were seasonal or. Verdean village ; approximately 150 people lived in rudimentary houses made of shale! Graphic link between the low desert plateaus and the moon Stephen H. Lekson, as add! Uses rendered these bowls hard and impervious to water, which likely increased corn yields their way! Animals and plants in an adaptation of Chacoan culture 32-foot ladder and a central plaza ancient human.. Verde are now in the park ( 1979 ) Center opened in December 2012 most Mesa. Increasing numbers c. 7500 BC, though it is the tallest structure in Mesa Verde for fit and.... Site Conservation Program ( 1994 ) [ 164 ] the park possible Archaic people established a tradition of large... Mesa left the area 's youngest rock layer er 4.400 locaties bij het nationale park, CO.. Creation of the alcoves that have preserved the area c. 1285 Verde Aztec... These structures represent early architectural expressions of what I explored was new to an! On continuing research and consultation refer to this period have been undertaken a. A transition zone between the low desert plateaus and the Rocky mountains providing greater warmth from the sea... With a Yucca-leaf brush and paints made from iron, manganese, beeplant and...