Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. Regardless of whether a new or already developed instrument is used in a study, evidence of reliability and validity is of crucial importance. Editorial. interrater reliability If the measures that researchers use are not reliable and valid, their findings are not reliable or valid. split-half reliability So being able to critique quantitative research is an important skill for nurses. validity Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. how far it will give the same results on separate occasions, and it can be assessed in different ways; stability, internal consistency and equivalence. Nurse investigators use instruments that have been developed by researchers in nursing and other disciplines. Consider a scale that consistently gives a person’s weight at 2 pounds less than the actual body weight. As you appraise research articles you will want to evaluate whether sufficient evidence of validity is present and whether the type of validity is appropriate to the study’s design and instruments used in the study. Regardless of whether a new or already developed instrument is used in a study, evidence of reliability and validity is of crucial importance. The Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS), a 46-item scale that assesses the impact of the illness on seven domains of adjustment, was used as a measure of social adjustment in a population of breast cancer patients. Box 15-1 provides an example of content validity. Systematic or constant error is measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study sample that may bias their behavior and/or cause incorrect instrument calibration. Discuss how evidence related to reliability and validity contributes to the strength and quality of evidence provided by the findings of a research study and applicability to practice. construct Nurse investigators use instruments that have been developed by researchers in nursing and other disciplines. The researcher begins by defining the concept and identifying the attributes or dimensions of the concept. These two concepts are called validity and reliability, and they refer to the quality and accuracy of data instruments. A valid instrument, however, is reliable. item to total correlations Although clinical researchers know that it is important to have valid measures, there is insufficient understanding of the role that reliability plays in correlative validity-the extent to which variables are capable of correlating with each other. • Define validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurement. Reliability A measurement instrument that is reliable is one that is stable or consistent across time (Kerlinger, 1986). Experts were nurses with masters degrees or PhDs who were clinical providers or clinical researchers with experience with instrument development. factor analysis VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Validity, as any other concept in the social sciences, is a contested term; it means different things to different observers and there is more than one type of validity. Criterion-related validity indicates to what degree the subject’s performance on the instrument and the subject’s actual behavior are related. Guidance for PPE use in the COVID-19 pandemic. Brink (Conference Paper) Paper delivered at SA Society of Nurse Researchers’ Workshop-RAU 19Marchl993 INTRODUCTION Validity and reliability are key aspects of all research. The following text from various articles describes how content validity and content validity index can be determined in an article: “A panel of 13 experts evaluated content validity for the Perceived Self-Efficacy for Fatigue Self-Management. The results support the predictive validity and interrater reliability of the instrument. Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. When reading published research or designing research projects, it is important to consider issues of reliability and validity from the outset. When reading a psychometric study that reports the development of an instrument, you will find great detail and a much longer section of how exactly the researchers calculated the CVI and the acceptable item cut-offs. Reliability estimates evaluate the stability of measures, internal consistency of measurement instruments, and interrater reliability of instrument scores. The two fields may share a common base of fundamental knowledge in medicine and health care but the skills set are entirely different and would involve a different set of literature as well. The hypothesis-testing, factor analytical, convergent and divergent, and contrasted-groups approaches are discussed below. Go to Evolve at evolve.elsevier.com/LoBiondo/ for review questions, critiquing exercises, and additional research articles for practice in reviewing and critiquing. Validity in behavioral measures refers to how well the instrument measures the construct it says it is measuring (Kerlinger, 1986). It attempts to validate the theory underlying the measurement by testing of the hypothesized relationships. An example from a study that used CVI is presented in Box 15-1. chance (random) errors It is critical to understand rigor in research. 20, 44, 41-45. doi: 10.7748/ns2006.07.20.44.41.c6560. Reliability and validity are two measures of research rigor, both important for scholar-practitioners to understand in order to conduct and interpret quality research. After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: • Discuss how measurement error can affect the outcomes of a research study. Split-half reliability compares one half of a test to the other half based on the assumption that all items should be comparable in measuring one construct and the results should be similar.
When reading a psychometric study that reports the development of an instrument, you will find great detail and a much longer section of how exactly the researchers calculated the CVI and the acceptable item cut-offs. When reading research or scanning articles, it is important to determine if the findings are sound. Subscales can be developed in this manner. BOX 15-3 PUBLISHED EXAMPLES OF REPORTED CONSTRUCT VALIDITY. When the researcher has completed this task, the items are submitted to a panel of judges considered to be experts about the concept. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH H.I.L. The most common types of reliability are test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, and internal consistency reliability. Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a concept accurately. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. For example, in a study by Sherman and colleagues (2012) investigating the effects of psychoeducation and telephone counseling on the adjustment of women with early-stage breast cancer, criterion-related validity was supported by correlating amount of distress experienced (ADE) scores measured by the Breast Cancer Treatment Response Inventory (BCTRI) and total scores from the Symptom Distress Scale (r = .86; p < .000). Validity and reliability of the Nursing Minimum Data Set for the Netherlands (NMDSN) Validity and reliability of the Nursing Minimum Data Set for the Netherlands (NMDSN) Goossen, William; Dassen, Theo; Dijkstra, Ate; Hasman, Arie; Tiesinga, Lucas; Van Den Heuvel, Wim 2003-03-01 00:00:00 Introduction There is a growing need to justify the contribution of nursing to health care (1–7 ). The universe of content provides the basis for developing the items that will adequately represent the content. Contrasted groups (known groups) The growing importance of measurement issues, instrument development, and related issues (e.g., reliability and validity) is evident in the, Nurse investigators use instruments that have been developed by researchers in nursing and other disciplines. COVID-19 transmission: Is this virus airborne, or not? Excerpt from Essay : Topic 1 Reliability and validity are often misunderstood and not given much notice in research articles. In a study to identify predictors of caregiver strain and satisfaction associated with caring for veterans with chronic illness, construct validity of the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) was supported by significant correlations between the physical and emotional health of the caregiver and subjective views of the caregiving situation. The nurses considered the instrument feasible to use. When the hypothesis-testing approach is used, the investigator uses the theory or concept underlying the measurement instruments to validate the instrument. The appropriateness of instruments and the extent to which reliability and validity are demonstrated have a profound influence on the strength of the findings and the extent to which bias is present. Random errors are unsystematic in nature. When reading research or scanning articles, it is important to determine if the findings are sound. When developing a behavioral instrument, authors usually hypothesize relationships between the new instrument and other established measures. The expert panel were provided conceptual definitions, the measurement model, a description of the population and setting in which the instrument would be used. When creating a question to quantify a goal, or when deciding on a data instrument to secure the results to that question, two concepts are universally agreed upon by researchers to be of pique importance. Invalid measures produce invalid estimates of the relationships between variables, thus introducing bias, which affects the study’s internal and external validity. In a study investigating family caregiving of older Chinese people with dementia, predictive validity of the Chinese version of the Attitudinal Familism Scale (AFS) was indicated by a significant positive correlation between familism and membership in an older cohort born in 1949 before China opened to the values of other countries (Liu et al., 2012). Another example of the measurement of internal consistency occurs in the work of Fraser and McGurl (2007), who reported Cronbach's alpha values for the entire GNDS for each administration of the scale. Random error resulting in different blood pressure readings could occur by misplacement of the cuff, not waiting for a specific time period before taking the blood pressure, or placing the arm randomly in relationship to the heart while measuring blood pressure. Two forms of criterion-related validity are concurrent and predictive. This chapter examines the major types of reliability and validity and demonstrates the applicability of these concepts to the evaluation of instruments in nursing research and evidence-based practice. The technique of factor analysis was used in a slightly different manner in the testing of the GNDS. Reliability refers to the degree to which scale produces consistent results, when repeated measurements are made. Discuss the concepts of stability, equivalence, and homogeneity as they relate to reliability. Tags: Nursing Research Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Base
Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a concept accurately. Reliability must be accompanied with validity regarding an instrument worthy of use in conducting doctoral research. Dealing with different types of validity is what makes establishing validity in qualitative research very difficult. Log In or. For example, a subject is completing a survey examining attitudes about caring for elderly patients. • Compare and contrast content, criterion-related, and construct validity. DeVon and colleagues (2007) note that adequate validity is frequently claimed, but rarely is the method specified. If face and/or content validity, the most basic types of validity, was (were) the only type(s) of validity reported in a research article, you would not appraise the measurement instrument(s) as having strong psychometric properties, which would negatively influence your confidence about the study findings. Panel feedback was incorporated and concurrence achieved that the items were appropriate and relevant for persons with a chronic illness who were experiencing fatigue” (Hoffman et al., 2011, p. 169). Random errors are unsystematic in nature. The content validity index for the total scale (S-CVI), calculated by averaging the I-CVI responses from the five experts and dividing by the number of items, was equal to .96. Another example of random error is in a study that measures blood pressure. kappa systematic (constant) error They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. A Pearson's r correlation of .91 was reported; this indicates a strong relationship between the amount of disability measured at different times (Fraser & McGurl, 2007). This calculation gives a researcher more confidence or evidence that the instrument truly reflects the concept or construct. Reliability and validity are research techniques used to assess the accuracy of measurement scales. • Identify the criteria for critiquing the reliability and validity of measurement tools. BOX 15-2 PUBLISHED EXAMPLES OF REPORTED CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY Research articles vary considerably in the amount of detail included about reliability and validity. The I-CVI for each item was computed based on the percentage of experts giving a rating of 3 or 4, indicating item relevance …. Podcast: Play in new window | Download Subscribe: RSS This podcast discusses the data quality concepts of reliability and validity of research tools/instruments. Measurement of nursing phenomena is a major concern of nursing researchers. Evaluation and standards of research quality are important in both qualitative and quantitative research. The question of validity is raised in the context of the three points: the form of the test, the purpose of the test and the population for whom it is intended. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 40(1), 40-47. If there were 20 items on a measure, the first 10 items would be compared to the second 10 items. Reliability (or consistency) refers to the stability of a measurement scale, i.e. The validity of an assessment tool is the extent to which it measures what it was designed to measure, without contamination from other characteristics. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (.96) and Barlett’s tests (x2 [105, n = 431] = 5306.7, p < .001) indicated a high degree of common variance for items of the HCR Trust Scale” (Bova et al., 2012, p. 402). parallel or alternate form reliability The concept of reliability is then analysed, establishing the traditional understanding of the term, and evaluating alternative terms. The statistical comparison measure used for test-retest reliability is the Pearson's r correlation coefficient; it can range from +1.00 to -1.00. The establishment of construct validity is complex, often involving several studies and approaches. II. The concept of error is important when appraising instruments in a study. Reliability in quantitative research stems from statistical results that have consistency (Roberts & Priest, 2006). You may also needUnderstanding research findingsData analysis: Descriptive and inferential statisticsSamplingQualitative approaches to researchSystematic reviews and clinical practice guidelinesAppraising quantitative researchResearch questions, hypotheses, and clinical questionsIntroduction to quantitative research Establishing validity and reliability in qualitative research can be less precise, though participant/member checks, peer evaluation (another researcher checks the researcher’s inferences based on the instrument (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and multiple methods (keyword: triangulation), are convincingly used. If the subject wants to please the investigator, items may constantly be answered in a socially desirable way rather than how the individual actually feels, thus making the estimate of validity inaccurate. In the beginning, the instrument had 37 items and four factors were identified when factor analysis was completed: apathy, comprehension/memory problems, depression/emotional distress, and irritability (Cameron et al.). Unless measurement instruments validly (accurately) and reliably (consistently) reflect the concepts of the theory being tested, conclusions drawn from a study will be invalid or biased and will not advance the development of evidence-based practice. Nursing research in Canada. Only gold members can continue reading. For example, perceptions or behaviors that occur at a specific point in time (e.g., anxiety) are known as a state or transient characteristic and are often beyond the awareness and control of the examiner. reliability coefficient Reliability A measurement instrument that is reliable is one that is stable or consistent across time and across raters (Kerlinger, 1986). test-retest reliability [Context Link], Fraser, C., & McGurl, J. When reading studies, you must assess the reliability and validity of the instruments to determine the soundness of these selections in relation to the concepts (concepts are often called, Reliability, validity, and measurement error, The concept of error is important when appraising instruments in a study. Although the reliability of clinical diagnosis is important, there is also the matter of the validity of the diagnoses secured. Systematic or constant error is measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study sample that may bias their behavior and/or cause incorrect instrument calibration. Describe how validity relates to sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing. criterion-related validity For example, a subject is completing a survey examining attitudes about caring for elderly patients. convergent validity of reliability and validity—sometimes referred to collectively as a psychometric testing of an instru-ment. Testing confirms or fails to confirm the relationships that are predicted between and/or among concepts and, as such, provides more or less support for the construct validity of the instruments measuring those concepts. Validity is concerned with systematic error, whereas reliability is concerned with random error. December 2008, Volume :40 Number 6 , page 369 - 372 [Free], Join NursingCenter to get uninterrupted access to this Article, Have you heard this story about reliability and validity? Experts were selected using selection criteria established by Grant and Davis and had experience in fatigue, clinical oncology, chronic illness, self-efficacy theory, research methods, statistics, or a combination of these. The appropriateness of instruments and the extent to which reliability and validity are demonstrated have a profound influence on the strength of the findings and the extent to which bias is present. For instance, level of education, socioeconomic status, social desirability, response set, or other characteristics may influence the validity of the instrument by altering measurement of the “true” responses in a systematic way. content validity index All research is conducted via the use of scientific tests and measures, which yield certain observations and data. Ms in Agext 2. Test-retest reliability means that each time a test is administered, the results will be the same. This is a way of looking at the extent to which items on an instrument fit together. Chance or random errors are errors that are difficult to control (e.g., a respondent’s anxiety level at the time of testing). Positive responses to seven or more items indicate a high level of strain (Wakefield et al., 2012). Three main concepts of nursing research Reliability and validity are two integrative elements of trustworthiness of the researches and studies. A high correlation coefficient indicates agreement between the two measures and evidence of concurrent validity. As such, the assessment of reliability and validity is an extremely important critical appraisal skill for assessing the strength and quality of evidence provided by the design and findings of a study and its applicability to practice. Internal consistency reliability often is measured with a statistical test called a Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Munro, 2005). The information regarding the instruments’ reliability and validity is found in the instrument or measures section of a study, which can be separately titled or appear as a subsection of the methods section of a research report, unless the study is a psychometric or instrument development study (see Chapter 10). content validity Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the particular use the test is intended to serve. After viewing … [Context Link], Join NursingCenter on Social Media to find out the latest news and special offers. construct validity Concurrent validity
The researcher could obtain highly accurate, consistent, and precise temperature recordings, but such a measure may not be a valid indicator of anxiety. contrasted-groups (known-groups) approach. The answer is that they conduct research using the measure to confirm that the scores make sense based on their understanding of th… Content validity • Identify the criteria for critiquing the reliability and validity of measurement tools. Discuss how measurement error can affect the outcomes of a research study. Predictive validity refers to the degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept. BOX 15-1 PUBLISHED EXAMPLES OF CONTENT VALIDITY AND CONTENT VALIDITY INDEX Results: the concepts of reliability, validity and utility The field of psychometrics ‘provides a way to quantify the precision of measurement of qualitative concepts such as satisfaction’ (Utwin 1995 p. 1). Box 15-3 provides examples of different types of construct validity as it is reported in published research articles. Identify a health screen specific to a diagnostic test that is currently being debated regarding its use, recommended ages, or frequency, and discuss how validity and reliability play into this debate. A rating of .90 is considered to be an acceptable standard for an S-CVI” (Anderson, et al., 2011, p. 7). Chance or random errors are errors that are difficult to control (e.g., a respondent’s anxiety level at the time of testing). Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 39(1), 13-19. The question of validity is raised in the context of the three points: the form of the test, the purpose of the test and the population for whom it is intended. In this study the RDAS was going to be used for the first time in a population of military couples and then the contrasted groups approach could be used to assess if the RDAS discriminated between distressed and non-distressed couples in a military population. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Every night at about 5:05 pm, the soda clerk gives him a milkshake that tastes just like it did the night before. Despite that qualitative research has been increasingly used to make contributions in many fields because qualitative research can capture the meanings people attach to a phenomenon (Collingridge & Gantt, 2008; Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2007), the validity and reliability of qualitative research are more heavily scrutinized than quantitative research.
This chapter examines the major types of reliability and validity and demonstrates the applicability of these concepts to the evaluation of instruments in nursing research and evidence-based practice. Researchers often face the challenge of developing new instruments and, as part of that process, establishing the reliability and validity of those instruments. Construct validity is based on the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct, attribute, or trait. It attempts to validate the theory underlying the measurement by testing of the hypothesized relationships. Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a concept accurately. When reading studies, you must assess the reliability and validity of the instruments to determine the soundness of these selections in relation to the concepts (concepts are often called constructs in instrument development studies) or variables under study. The information regarding the instruments’ reliability and validity is found in the instrument or measures section of a study, which can be separately titled or appear as a subsection of the methods section of a research report, unless the study is a psychometric or instrument development study (see Chapter 10). The scale could be quite reliable (i.e., capable of reproducing the precise measurement), but the result is consistently invalid. For example, with a Cronbach's alpha of .89, each of the items in the apathy subscale appears to be measuring apathy. The panel identified items that were not stated clearly and commented on the items’ representativeness and the instrument’s comprehensiveness. DeVon and colleagues (2007) note that adequate validity is frequently claimed, but rarely is the method specified. Validity is concerned with systematic error, whereas reliability is concerned with random error. When reading the instrument section of a research article, note that the authors will comment if a CVI was used to assess the content validity of an instrument. Explain the importance of validity and reliability in diagnostic testing or research. Validity. This article examines reliability and validity as ways to demonstrate the rigour and trustworthiness of quantitative and qualitative research. Concurrent validity refers to the degree of correlation of one test with the scores of another more established instrument of the same concept when both are administered at the same time. Scientists commonly refer to study instruments during medical research. Concurrent validity of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) has been supported by the statistically significant correlations between PCL scores and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (Melvin et al., 2012; Appendix D). “Convergent construct validity of the Breast Cancer Treatment Response Inventory (BCTRI) was supported by correlating the amount of distress (ADE) score, measured by the BCTRI, and total scores from the Symptom Distress Scale (r = .86, p < .000)” (McCorkle & Young, 1978; Sherman et al, 2012). The extent of variability in test scores that is attributable to error rather than a true measure of the behaviors is the error variance. how far it will give the same results on separate occasions, and it can be assessed in … Validity Reliability; Meaning: Validity implies the extent to which the research instrument measures, what it is intended to measure. The ratings were on a 4-point scale with a response format of 1 =, Another method used to establish content validity is the. Neuroscience nurses should base interventions on evidence. This article will review types of reliability and validity-sometimes referred to collectively as a psychometric testing of an instrument. Nothing will be gained from assessment unless the assessment has some validity for the purpose. “For the original Relationships with Health Care Provider Scale (RHCPS), the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was calculated by a panel of five content experts rating each scale’s item for its relevance to the construct of health care relationships. Compare and contrast the estimates of reliability. Each of these properties will be discussed later in the chapter. Construct validity is based on the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct, attribute, or trait. Content validity is established by having a panel of experts familiar with the construct being measured judge the content of the instrument to establish how well they believe the items actually measure the content. 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In diagnostic testing or research relationships between the new instrument and other disciplines a milkshake that tastes like! 18-Item BIBS when developing a behavioral instrument, authors usually hypothesize relationships between the measure of the basic principles reliability. Quality are important in both types of reliability and validity to neuroscience using...
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